17.3 Biological Pretreatment

273

Table 17.4

Fungi and bacteria participating in biological pretreatment of LCB.

Sl. No.

Microorganism

Category

Substrate

Incubation

(d)

Lignin

degradation

(%)

References

1.

Ceriporia lacerata

White-rot fungi

Red pine

56

13

[37]

2.

Ceriporiopsis

subvermispora

White-rot fungi

Corn stover

42

39.2

[37]

3.

Echinodontium

taxodii 2538

White-rot fungi

Bamboo

culms

28

24

[37]

4.

Irpex lacteus

White-rot fungi

Corn stalks

11.48

15

[35]

5.

Pleurotus ostreatus

White-rot fungi

Beech wood

120

56.5

[38]

6.

Phaenerochaete

chrysosporium

White-rot fungi

Cotton

stalks

30

40

[38]

7.

Phlebia sp. MG-60

White-rot fungi

Oak wood

56

40.6

[39]

8.

Stereum hirusutum

Brown-rot fungi

Red pine

56

13

[37]

9.

Trametes versicolor

spp.

White-rot fungi

Bamboo

culms

28

9–24

[37]

10.

Acinetobacter spp.

Actinobacteria

Poplar wood

30

47–57

[40]

11.

Pseudomonas spp.

Proteobacteria

Poplar wood

30

40–52

[38]

12.

Pseudomonas spp.

Proteobacteria

Kraft lignin

52

39

[38]

13.

Streptomyces

badius

Actinobacteria

Inulin lignin

35

3–4

[37]

14.

Streptomyces

cyaneus

Actinobacteria

Barley straw

21

29–52

[31]

15.

Streptomyces

virifosporus

Actinobacteria

Induline

lignin

35

3–4

[37]

16.

Thermomonospora

mesophila

Actinobacteria

Barley straw

21

36–48

[37]

17.

Xanthomonas spp.

Proteobacteria

Poplar wood

30

39–48

[39]

Phanerochaete chrysosporium is the most established prototype for studying the

lignin degrading properties of white-rot fungi. Shi et al. [38] evaluated the activity of

P. chrysosporium on cotton stalks to illustrate the efficacy of microbial pretreatment

to promote hydrolysis and fermentation facilitating bioethanol production under

two culture conditions: submerged cultivation and solid-state cultivation using

untreated stalk as control. It showed that about 28% of lignin was removed from the

substrate along with a significant amount of cellulose after 14 days of pretreatment.

This shifted the focus on fungal pretreatment using various other fungal strains such

as Ceriporiopsis subvermispora, Cyathus stercolerus, Pleurotus ostreaus, T. versicolor,

Phlebia subserialis, Sternum hirsutum, Gloeophyllum trabeum, and Echindodontium

taxodii [39] to promote selective lignin degradation. However, the carbon–carbon

bonds present within large lignin polymers pose a challenge to lignin degradation.